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States are in varying stages of developing their NCLB science assessments. Typically, states contract with assessment companies which have a history of producing standardized, norm referenced tests, e.g., the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), the Tera Nova, the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT-9, SAT-10).

These new NCLB science tests must include either criterion-referenced assessments or augmented norm-referenced assessments, or both. The world of the standardized, multiple-choice, norm referenced test is disappearing as standards-aligned, criterion-referenced tests emerge.

Because many states' science standards include science inquiry and science process skills that are difficult to assess with conventional multiple-choice questions, more and more science assessments are taking on a different format and look. To assess a student's skills, students must "perform".

Performance assessment is moving us "beyond the bubble" of Scantron forms. When students are asked to perform, they are better able to utilize their unique learning styles (kinesthetic, visual, aural, etc.) as they tap into their own content knowledge of science. Student work from performance assessments better informs the teacher (and student) of what the student understands versus what bubble he may have guessed to be right.

Performance assessment in science requires students to perform various science skills (observation, data collection, organizing data, data analysis, drawing conclusions, etc.) as they manipulate equipment. Science equipment, typically organized in classroom sets, is delivered as science kits.

As the need for criterion-referenced science assessment of inquiry skills takes hold, the demand for science kits will continue to increase. States, districts, and schools are realizing that to assess science inquiry adequately, kits are a necessary, essential part of the assessment program. Educators also realize that if they are to meet the NCLB requirements for science assessment, i.e., to use up-to-date measures to assess mastery of science standards, and the states' science content standards include science inquiry, then the tests themselves need to include student performance tasks. And since "what gets tested gets taught," we will see an increasing number of science inquiry learning activities in classroom curriculum throughout the school year.

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) program has been using science kits as part of its science program for over 10 years. These science tests are administered every four years to a small sample of students across the nation. Although this national assessment program advocates the use of performance assessment requiring hands-on manipulation of science equipment, it is limited in scope. The more powerful influences that are changing science assessment nationally stem from the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

Assessment Services, Inc., http://www.assessmentservices-edu.com, designs and develops materials for performance-based assessments and specializes in custom kits for science and math curriculum. We also manufacture and distribute science kits and math kits.

The founder of Assessment Services Inc., has over twenty-five years of experience in the education industry developing and producing science and math materials. The company was created: (1) from a desire to continue a long term, successful partnership in the science assessment industry; (2) to meet a growing need for science assessment kits created in response to the requirements of federal education legislation; (3) to provide the highest quality classroom materials to schools and teachers at the best possible price.

Holden Gemini

First generation

First generation

19791982 Holden TE Gemini SL sedan

Also called

Buick Opel

Isuzu Bellet Gemini

Isuzu Gemini

Opel Gemini

Opel Isuzu

Saehan Gemini

Production

March 1975pril 1985

Body style(s)

2-door coupe

3-door panel van

3-door station wagon

4-door sedan

Layout

Front engine, rear-wheel drive

Platform

T-body

Engine(s)

1584 cc G161Z I4

1817 cc 4FB1 I4 diesel (TE/TF/TG)

Wheelbase

2,404 mm (94.6 in)

Length

4,234 mm (166.7 in)

Width

1,570 mm (61.8 in)

Height

1,341 mm (52.8 in)

Fuel capacity

52 L (14 US gal; 11 imp gal)

TX (19751977)

The original Holden Gemini model, the TX series, was introduced in March 1975. It was available as a four-door sedan in S and SL specification levels, and as a two-door SL coupe. The TX Gemini was built at Holden's factory at Acacia Ridge, Queensland and contained a high percentage of Australian content.

All TX models shared the same 1.6 litre SOHC Isuzu engine (coded the G161Z). The engine was chain-driven and incorporated a cross-flow design alloy head. A two-barrel "Nikki" Stromberg carburettor was used on Australian models. Early TX models used a cast-iron free flow exhaust manifold, with two outlets into a "Y" pipe was used (this item is commonly used by modifiers for later models). From November 1976 this was changed to a single outlet exhaust header to comply with EPA regulations.

Wheel size was 13" x 4.5", rear brakes were duo-servo units, similar in design to those used in the six-cylinder Torana. Early models used the MSE-type four-speed manual transmission; reverse was positioned to the "left and back". November 1975 saw the introduction of the MSG-type four-speed, reverse on this transmission was to the 'right and back' position. The TX SL sedan was voted Wheels Car of the Year car of the year for 1975, and was the most popular four-cylinder car on the Australian market.

The first generation Gemini coupe's body was built by Opel's engineers in Germany and powered by a 70 hp (52 kW) engine 1G13C 1300 SOHC made by Isuzu Japan and Holden Australia, the said engine's power was not introduced to the market, it was only used in rally and other racing events etc.

TC (19771978)

The TC Gemini was sold between March 1977 and April 1978. This model received a minor facelift from the TX, appearance was enhanced by a bolder vertical front grille, and at the rear a silver garnish panel (as opposed to the TX's black). A new Smiths brand heater, demister and ventilation system was used, the two small vents at each end of the dash were removed on this model, except on vehicles fitted with air conditioning.

A "Fashion Pack" interior was now available on both sedan and coupe models, this option was also upgraded to add steel belted radials and a front stabilising bar. Door side impact beams were introduced to improve safety and SL coupes now had a heated rear windscreen.

In April 1977, a limited edition "Sandpiper" model was also offered in both sedan and coupe body shapes. They were identified by a black grille with stainless steel top edge, gold pin stripes, chequered cloth seat inserts and door trims, wood-grain dash sections, radio/cassette player, a four spoke steering wheel and the A9R ('Fashion Pack') suspension package. Externally they were easily identified by the word "Sandpiper: and a bird decal, this was on the side rear quarters of the coupe, and on the rear doors of the sedans.

TD (19781979)

The TD series was introduced in April 1978, the most major change over the TC being the introduction of "Radial Tuned Suspension" (RTS) and the option of a five-speed manual transmission. The differential was replaced with a small Salisbury unit as used in the UC Torana, it used tapered Timken wheel bearings as found on all larger Holdens since mid-1971. In April 1979, the rear brakes were changed to Commodore leading-trailing rear drum assemblies.

Exterior appearance was changed with the introduction of a new grille, rectangular headlights (round on base models), wheels were now 13" x 5", rear number plate was relocated in place of the rear garnish panel. A panel van and three-door wagon were also added to the range, the rear bodywork pressings being from the British Vauxhall Chevette/Bedford Chevanne range.

The SL/E version used many interior options from the TC "Sandpiper" series, such as the radio/cassette, four-spoke steering wheel, timber dash inserts, velour seat trim, loop pile carpet and timber (Hardboard) door trim inserts.

Externally, appearance was further enhanced to include stainless steel headlight and grille surrounds, thick stainless steel door window frame mouldings and GM-H designed alloy wheels similar to Sunbird SL/E. Coupes and sedans had colour-coded side mirrors similar to those of Sunbird SL/E and HZ Sandman, door-trims were extended to cover the top of the doors.

SL/E models were replaced by the SL/X in early 1979, it had a slightly lower equipment level but a more competitive price. There was also a limited Edition "Gypsy" package was optional on panel vans, which included extra instrumentation and identifying decals.

Heated rear windscreens were now standard on all but base model sedans, panel vans and wagons. Nylon plaid cloth inserts available on SL's and wagons, air conditioning was now available as an optional accessory.

TE (19791982)

19791982 Holden TE Gemini SL sedan

The second generation, introduced in October 1979, received major design changes. The body was now more squared with a new front and rear end, styling was compared to the VB Commodore of the same era and carried through the styling of the Isuzu Gemini of the same era. By this time, the Opel Kadett had reverted to front wheel drive and the resemblance of the original Kadett C disappeared.

The TE was the most popular out of all the Geminis, selling over 70 000 units. Initially only available as a sedan, in February 1980 the Panel Van and Station Wagon were added to the line up, Coupe was no longer available. The luxury SL/E version was also removed from the line-up, replaced instead with an SL/X variant. In 1981 the TE was introduced to New Zealand, replacing the British-sourced Vauxhall Chevette range.

A limited edition "Gypsy" van was made available in February 1980 and was offered with a tachometer and console gauges. Individual plaid cloth seats were available (a different plaid to other earlier Geminis). The Gypsy featured blacked out grille treatment and door window surrounds, square headlights and full chrome bumpers, full length headlining and carpet (regular vans had vinyl flooring as standard. Gypsys are now a highly collectible Gemini model, with original examples estimated to be worth over AU$10,000 to avid collectors.

Engine options stayed the same, in early 1981 the option of a 1.8 litre Isuzu diesel model was introduced, an M76 5 speed gearbox was standard for all diesel models. All diesel Geminis were only available as an SL/X five-speed manual. Rhone Green was a colour made available exclusively for the diesel but other colours in the range could be ordered also.

TF (19821983)

1983 Holden TG Gemini SL/X sedan

The facelifted TF series Gemini was released in March 1982. All models gained new grille treatments and the SL/X variant received flush headlamps. The interior received major revisions with a new dashboard (creating the impression of more space in the vehicle) and a relocated steering column that put the steering wheel in line with the driver, rather than angled towards the centre of the car. The styling is often compared to the then current VH Commodore range but in fact the styling was introduced on the Isuzu Gemini in 1981 and carried across to the Australian model.

TG (19831985)

1983 Holden TG Gemini SL/X sedan

The TG Series was released in March 1983. The SL and SL/X versions of TG had an appearance exactly like the TF SL/X, with the flush head lamps, plastic bumpers and tail lights very similar to that on a VH Commodore. However, the base model of the TG continued the TF theme, with many examples now confused for TF models. Base model vehicles had vinyl seats, no clock or cigarette lighter, and no console around the shifter.

1983 saw a performance model, named the ZZ/Z (triple zed). The ZZ/Z was always silver, with a body kit consisting of a front bar, wind spilters on top of the guards, a bobtail boot spoiler, alloy wheels and blue and black ZZ/Z decals. It is often perceived that the ZZ/Z came with the twin-cam engine that was used in the Isuzu Gemini ZZ/R of the same era, however, the ZZ/Z came with the standard running gear of other models. A five-speed manual gearbox was standardutomatic transmission was not an option.

Second generation

Second generation

19851986 Holden RB Gemini SL/X sedan

Also called

Chevrolet Gemini

Chevrolet Spectrum

Geo Spectrum

Isuzu Gemini

Isuzu I-Mark

Pontiac Sunburst

Production

April 19851986

Body style(s)

4-door sedan

Layout

Front engine, front-wheel drive

Platform

R-body

Engine(s)

1471 cc 4XC1 I4

RB (19851986)

In May 1985 the RB series Gemini was released. Based on the front-wheel drive GM R platform, it did not sell as well as previous rear-wheel drive Geminis, with production totalling just 16,263 units. The RB Gemini was offered only in four-door sedan form, with SL/X and SL/E trim levels, as well as a fleet-only SL. Unlike previous Gemini models which had been built at the Holden facility at Acacia Ridge, Queensland, the RB was produced at the Holden plant at Elizabeth, South Australia. The RB Gemini was discontinued in 1987, although production ended sometime during 1986 due to poorer sales than its predecessor. The Gemini was replaced by the Holden Astra rebadged Nissan Pulsar (N12).

The RB Gemini was notable for its 80-day, 200,000 kilometres (120,000 mi) endurance run from a commercial in 1985, tested by a group of famous Australian racers including the Peter Brock.

Safety

In Australia, the 1982-1984 Holden Gemini was assessed in the "Used Car Safety Ratings" 2006 as providing "significantly worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.

Production figures

Model

Total

Cumulative total

Gemini TX

43,099

43,099

Gemini TC

17,256

60,355

Gemini TD

42,396

102,751

Gemini TE

70,567

173,318

Gemini TF

28,326

201,644

Gemini TG

24,675

226,319

Gemini RB

16,263

242,582

References

^ Norm Darwin, 100 Years of GM in Australia, 2002, page 344

^ Norm Darwin, 100 Years of GM in Australia, 2002, page 349

^ The Red Book, August 1988, page 75

^ The Holden Heritage. Factory-issued booklet, July 2001 edition, p.100.

"Gemini Model Features and ID". http://holdengemini.net/tech_au_gemini.php. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 

"Wheels' COTY the real McCoy". http://www.wheelsmag.com.au/wheels/site/articleIDs/B644A247EE6B4524CA25728500179B90. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Holden Gemini

ISUZU Gemini Ads

Holden Gemini model history, specifications and sales brochures

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Holden, a subsidiary of General Motors, automobile timeline, 1948resent

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List of Holden vehicles

HQB Statesmans not marketed under the "Holden" brand, but rather the separate "Statesman" brand.

Categories: Holden vehicles | Australian cars | Coupes | Vehicles introduced in 1975
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Frothy white covering on my Rhododendron?!?

I've looked online all over... I have a 'Nova Zembla' Rhododendron, and there is a frothy white covering all over the woody stalks of the plant... I live for the most part in the "woods" and it has rained for the past few days, rather hard... wondering if this is just mold?! Or something more serious?!

The foamy stuff is caused by Spittle bugs. http://www.hort.wisc.edu/mastergardener/Features/insects/spittlebug/spittlebugs.htm

Sculptor opens little red shed studio for tour
Morgan Fitzpatrick is one of 24 artists participating in a two-weekend art studio tour.

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